![]() ![]() Model test simplifies the complex and changeable factors of the engineering practice to a certain extent, so that the mechanics law of the whole model can be analyzed comprehensively. obtained the 3D deformation laws of the foundation pit in Hangzhou based on the monitoring data Li summarized the general rules of deep foundation pit deformations based on the measured data of the Shanghai subway foundation pit. Field test can directly obtain the deformation laws of actual engineering, but the cost is much. Experimental studies are regarded as the most important and direct means to obtain the deformation and failure rules of foundation pit excavations, which can be divided into the field test and model test. ![]() Previous works on the deformation and instability of foundation pit excavations mainly focused on three aspects: (1) experimental studies, (2) theoretical research, and (3) numerical simulation. (b) Foundation pit collapse accident in Hangzhou in 2008. (a) Foundation pit collapse accident in Suzhou in 2008. Typical foundation pit excavation accidents. Therefore, understanding and grasping the failure mechanisms of foundation pit engineering will undoubtedly provide an important guidance for ensuring the safety of engineering constructions and people’s lives. The collapse of the foundation pit in the Xiaoshan, Hangzhou in 2008 caused 21 people dead and 24 injured, as shown in Figure 1(b). For example, the foundation pit excavation accident that occurred in Suzhou, China, in 2008 caused the destructions of the supporting structure and the damage of construction equipment, as shown in Figure 1(a). However, due to the complex geological conditions of foundation pit, it is easy to collapse during the processes of excavations. With the accelerated development of China’s economy, the constructions of urban underground space, large-scale water conservancy, and civil engineering projects are becoming the current focus of China, where the safety and stability of foundation pit during the excavation processes have become the main problems. The research results can provide some references for the applications of SPH method into predicting the failure zone of foundation pit excavations and ensuring the safety of engineering constructions. Future research directions should focus on developing the 3D parallel IKSPH programs. (3) The rationality of the proposed method is verified by the comparisons of the simulation results of the proposed method with the ABAQUS numerical examples and the engineering practices. The greater the stiffness of retaining wall, the greater the damage degree. (2) The stiffness of retaining wall has a great impact on the failure zone of foundation pit excavation. However, the failure zone of the excavated foundation pit with retaining walls only develops longitudes along the retaining wall. ![]() The whole progressive failure processes of the excavation of a foundation pit are numerically simulated and the results show that (1) the failure zone of the excavated foundation pit without retaining walls appears at the corner and then gradually develops into the deep. The “Killing Particle Method” has also been proposed, which can realize the simulations of complex excavation processes. The failure mark is introduced into the program to realize the failure characteristics of particles at meso–scale. Based on this background, the smoothing kernel function in the traditional SPH method has been improved. ![]() The predictions of failure zone during the foundation excavations will provide important guidance for the safety constructions of engineering structures. ![]()
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